All Washed Up
*This is a modified version of the original Data Nugget that has been designed to be used on the DataClassroom web-app. The original pencil and paper activity can be found here on the Data Nuggets website.
All washed up? The effect of floods on cutthroat trout
Featured scientists: Ivan Arismendi and Stan Gregory from Oregon State University
Written by: Leilagh Boyle
Background
Streams are tough places to live. Fish living in streams have to survive droughts, floods, debris flows, falling trees, and cold and warm temperatures. In Oregon, cutthroat trout make streams their home. Cutthroat trout are sensitive to disturbances in the stream, such as pollution and sediment. This means that when trout are present it is a good sign that the stream is healthy.
Floods are very common disturbances in streams. During floods, water in the stream flows very fast. This extra movement picks up sediment from the bottom of the stream and suspends it in the water. When sediment is floating in the water it makes it harder for fish to see and breathe, limiting how much food they can find. Floods may also affect fish reproduction. If floods happen right after fish breed and eggs hatch, young fish that cannot swim strongly may not survive. Although floods can be dangerous for fish, they are also very important for creating new habitat. Floods expand the stream, making it wider and adding more space. Moving water also adds large boulders, small rocks, and logs into the stream. These items add to the different types of habitat available.
Ivan and Stan are two scientists who are interested in whether floods have a large impact on the survival of young cutthroat trout. They were worried because cutthroat trout reproduce during the spring, towards the end of the winter flood season. During this time juvenile trout, less than one year old, are not good swimmers. The fast water from floods makes it harder for them to survive. After a year, juvenile trout become mature adults. These two age groups live in different habitats. Adult trout live in pools near the center of streams. Juvenile trout prefer habitats at the edges of streams that have things like rocks and logs where they can hide from predators. Also, water at the edges moves more slowly, making it easier to swim. In addition, by staying near the stream edge they can avoid getting eaten by the adults in stream pools.
Ivan and Stan work at the H.J. Andrews Long Term Ecological Research site. They wanted to know what happens to cutthroat trout after winter floods. Major floods occur every 35-50 years, meaning that Ivan and Stan would need a lot of data. Fortunately for their research they were able to find what they needed since scientists have been collecting data at the site since 1987!
Scientific Question: What is the effect of major flooding events on adult and juvenile trout populations in Mack Creek?
Scientific Data:
To study how floods affect trout populations, Ivan and Stan used data from Mack Creek, one of the streams within their site. They decided to look at the population size of both juvenile and adult trout since they occupy such different parts of the stream. For each year of data they had, Ivan and Stan compared the juvenile and adult trout population data, measured as the number of trout, with stream discharge, or a measure of how fast water is flowing in the stream. Stream discharge is higher after flooding events. Stream discharge data for Mack Creek is collected during the winter when floods are most likely to occur. Fish population size is measured during the following summer each year. Since flooding can make life difficult for trout, they expected trout populations to decrease after major flooding events.
1. What data will you graph to answer the question?
Independent variable(s):
Dependent variable(s):
2. Make a graph using your selected variables, and screenshot it below. Add age class as your z-axis.
3. Identify any changes, trends, or differences you see in your graph. Include your graph and specifically refer to it when describing those changes, trends, or differences. Write a sentence for each trend.
4. Let’s look at each group of trout individually to really confirm these trends. Go to your table and exclude one type of trout. (You pick: Juvenile or Adult). Add a regression line to your new graph. Paste this graph below:
Graph 1:
5. Go back and change your data so you are looking at the other type of trout. Check your regression line, and screenshot once it looks right. Add it below:
Graph 2:
6. Identify any changes, trends, or differences you see in your graph(s). Write one sentence describing what you see.
Interpret the Data:
7. Make a claim that answers the scientific question.
8. What evidence was used to write your claim? Reference specific parts of the tables or graph.
9. Explain your reasoning and why the evidence supports your claim. Connect the data back to what you learned about the effects of flood disturbances on stream habitats.
10. Science is an ongoing process. What new question do you think should be investigated?
11. What future data should be collected to answer your question?
Independent variable(s):
Dependent variable(s):
12. For each variable, explain why you included it and how it could be measured.
13. What hypothesis are you testing in your experiment? A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for an observation, which can then be tested with experimentation or other types of studies.
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